◇ Past Participles as Adjectives
關係子句簡化為分詞片語
我們來看看句子：So social movements led by religious groups, philanthropies, and celebrities, like Charles Dickens, sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners. 這裡 led by 是用於修飾前面的 social movements，此句是省略了關係代名詞，可以將句子還原成：So social movements that were led by religious groups, philanthropies, and celebrities, like Charles Dickens, sought to change these dire conditions and help reform the prisoners. 當關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞，關係代名詞 that/which 省略後，其後的動詞型態也要有所變化，變成分詞。至於是要變成現在分詞（Ving）還是過去分詞（V.pp），就要看該動詞是否是被動態。如果不是被動的話，該動詞改為Ving；如果是被動，則去掉 be 動詞，保留Vpp的型態。
Example：
1. The car moved slowly on the motorway clogged with traffic.
車子在交通阻塞的高速公路上緩緩前行。
2. Students planning to study nursing must first meet with the dean.
想讀護理系的同學必須先與系主任面試。
3. The girl singing tonight is my idol.
今晚唱歌的那個女孩是我的偶像。