◇ Gerunds vs. Present Participles
動名詞與現在分詞比較
動名詞與現在分詞兩者的區別，可以把它想做名詞與形容詞的區別。前者多半會出現在句子中「名詞」可出現的位置，因此可以是主詞、受詞等等；而後者多會出現在一個名詞的前或後，來修飾這個名詞的狀態。例如 if you see an apostrophe hovering helpfully near a word 裡的分詞片語 hovering... 就可以由「關係子句」，也叫形容詞子句做替換，形成 if you see an apostrophe that hovers helpfully near a word。而 Professional writers solve this problem by learning what's considered correct for a publication 一句中的 learning... 則可「被代名詞取代」，變成 Professional writers solve this problem by it，因此為動名詞。
Example：
1. I don't like waiting for people for more than half an hour.
我不喜歡等人等朝過半小時以上。
2. He kept me waiting for more than an hour this time.
他這次讓我等了超過一小時。
3. She was punished for arriving late.
他因遲到而受罰。