◇ Participle Clauses and Reduced Relative Clauses
分詞構句與分詞片語
因為分詞構句與關係代子句簡化為分詞片語都以現在或過去分詞的方式呈現，所以很多人會把兩者搞混。關係代子句簡化為分詞片語通常出現於名詞（先行詞）後，是省略關係代名詞後形成的分詞片語。例如：But though the idea of a secret group orchestrating political upheaval is still alive and well today, there is no evidence that the Illuminati survived, reformed, or went underground. 這裡的 orchestrating 修飾先行詞 a secret group，可以將句子還原成：the idea of a secret group that orchestrates political upheaval. 分詞構句目的在「簡化」句子，當兩句主詞相同時，會省略「表示原因、條件、時間等」那句的主詞，而動詞改為分詞。例如例句：But the ideas that spurred Weishaupt to found the Illuminati still spread, becoming the basis for many Western governments today. 這裡可以將句子寫成：But the ideas that spurred Weishaupt to found the Illuminati still spread and become the basis for many Western governments today. 至於是要變成現在分詞（Ving）還是過去分詞（V.pp），就要看該動詞是否是被動態。如果不是被動的話，該動詞改為Ving；如果是被動，則保留Vpp的型態。
Example：
1. Of all the documentaries shown this year, the one about the firefighters saving koala bears moved me the most.
在今年所展示的所有紀錄片中，有一部消防員拯救無尾熊的紀錄片最打動我的心。
2. Having been sent to prison for three months because of committing burglary, he was caught again when he stole a woman's purse yesterday,
曾因為犯了入室竊盜罪而入監服刑三個月的他，三天前又因為偷了一名女子的皮包而被抓了。
3. A popular circus that started in 1915 has recently stopped using animals in its shows.
一個從1915年開始流行的馬戲團，最近停止在表演中使用動物。